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商務合同英語用詞特點
商務合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業化(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現在下列方面:
1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用
May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)對學過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞時要極其謹慎。權利義務的約定部分構成了合同的主體。這幾個詞如選用不當,可能會引起糾紛。
May 旨在約定當事人的權利(可以做什么),shall約定當事人的義務(應當做什么), must 用于強制性義務(必須做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(不得做什么)。May do 不能說成can do / shall do,不能說成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not。例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時的,可以說:
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表達準確。出現爭議后應當先行協商,所以采用了義務性“約定”,如果協商解決不了,作為當事人的權利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當。如果may和 shall 調換位置會怎么樣?前半句的shall換用may后,意思變成了當事人可以通過協商解決,意思上說得過去,但后半句的may換用shall 后,變成了應當訴訟解決,好像一出事就要先見官,這就有些不友好了。
2、正式用語(Formal Terms)
合同英語有著嚴肅的風格,與其它英語作品有很大不同。例如:
“因為”的短語多用“by virtue of”,遠遠多于“due to”一般不用“because of”;“財務年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;“關于”常用“as regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不會用“about”;“事實上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;“開始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;“何時開會并由某某主持”的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by somebody。其中“召開”不用hold 或call,而用convene;“主持”不用chair或be in charge of,而用preside;“其他事項”用miscellaneous, 而不用other matters/events;“理解合同”用construe a contract 或comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract;“認為”用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe;“愿意做”用intend to do或desire to do,而不用want to do,wish to do。
3、用詞專業(Technical Terms)
合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉移,它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現的“瑕疵”、“救濟”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等就可能讓非行業人士費解,在英語以上表達分別為defect、remedy、Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as,whereas,in witness whereof, for and on behalf of,hereby,thereof等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。其它例子還有:“賠償”用indemnities,而不用compensation;“不動產轉讓”用conveyance,而不用 transfer of real estate;“房屋出租”用tenancy,而“財產出租”用lease of property;“停業”用wind up a business 或cease(名詞是cessation)a business,而不用 end/stop a business ;專利許可中的“特許權使用費”只用royalties;還款或專利申請的“寬限期”英文grace;“當事人在破產中的和解”用composition;“以實物出資”為investment in kind;“依照合同相關規定”一般說pursuant to provisions contained herein或 as provided herein等,不說according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract;“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”英文表述為Neither party hereto may assign this contract,其中hereto表示to the contract,選用Neither party to the contract 的時候較少。
4、同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的序列
FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列(如sell,transfer,assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮,有的也屬于合同用語的固定模式。如:
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關詞并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows… 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”兩組同義司和近義詞并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 這里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個意思都表示“依照本協議的條款規定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”。
再例如: “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。
并列的詞還有:
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges, fees, costs and expenses
any and all
any duties, obligations or liabilities
the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
control and management of the partnership
applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
5、拉丁詞
在國外合同中,拉丁詞仍然是很常見:
比例稅率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
從事慈善性服務的律師 :pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
托代理人:多用agent ad litem
不可抗力:force majuere.
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